Brief Subthreshold Events Can Act as Hebbian Signals for Long-Term Plasticity

BACKGROUND:Action potentials are thought to be determinant for the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity, the cellular basis of learning and memory. However, neuronal activity does not lead systematically to an action potential but also, in many cases, to synaptic depolarizing subthreshold events. This is particularly exemplified in corticostriatal information processing. Indeed, the striatum integrates information from the whole cerebral cortex and, due to the membrane properties of striatal medium spiny neurons, cortical inputs do not systematically trigger an action potential but a wide range of subthreshold postsynaptic depolarizations. Accordingly, we have addressed the following question: does a brief subthreshold event act as a Hebbian signal and induce long-term synaptic efficacy changes? METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:Here, using perforated patch-clamp recordings on rat brain corticostriatal slices, we demonstrate, that brief (30 ms) subthreshold depolarizing events in quasi-coincidence with presynaptic activity can act as Hebbian signals and are sufficient to induce long-term synaptic plasticity at corticostriatal synapses. This "subthreshold-depolarization dependent plasticity" (SDDP) induces strong, significant and bidirectional long-term synaptic efficacy changes at a very high occurrence (81%) for time intervals between pre- and postsynaptic stimulations (Deltat) of -110<Deltat<+110 ms. Such subthreshold depolarizations are able to induce robust long-term depression (cannabinoid type-1 receptor-activation dependent) as well as long-term potentiation (NMDA receptor-activation dependent). CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE:Our data show the existence of a robust, reliable and timing-dependent bidirectional long-term plasticity induced by brief subthreshold events paired with presynaptic activity. The existence of a subthreshold-depolarization dependent plasticity extends considerably, beyond the action potential, the neuron's capabilities to express long-term synaptic efficacy changes

RuBi-Glutamate: two-photon and visible-light photoactivation of neurons and dendritic spines

We describe neurobiological applications of RuBi-Glutamate, a novel caged-glutamate compound based on ruthenium photochemistry. RuBi-Glutamate can be excited with visible wavelengths and releases glutamate after one- or two-photon excitation. It has high quantum efficiency and can be used at low concentrations, partly avoiding the blockade of GABAergic transmission present with other caged compounds. Two-photon uncaging of RuBi-glutamate has a high spatial resolution and generates excitatory responses in individual dendritic spines with physiological kinetics. With laser beam multiplexing, RuBi-Glutamate uncaging can also be used to depolarize and fire pyramidal neurons with single-cell resolution. RuBi-Glutamate therefore enables the photo-activation of neuronal dendrites and circuits with visible or two-photon light sources, achieving single spine, or single cell, precision

Quantitative Classification of Somatostatin-Positive Neocortical Interneurons Identifies Three Interneuron Subtypes

Deciphering the circuitry of the neocortex requires knowledge of its components, making a systematic classification of neocortical neurons necessary. GABAergic interneurons contribute most of the morphological, electrophysiological and molecular diversity of the cortex, yet interneuron subtypes are still not well defined. To quantitatively identify classes of interneurons, 59 GFP-positive interneurons from a somatostatin-positive mouse line were characterized by whole-cell recordings and anatomical reconstructions. For each neuron, we measured a series of physiological and morphological variables and analyzed these data using unsupervised classification methods. PCA and cluster analysis of morphological variables revealed three groups of cells: one comprised of Martinotti cells, and two other groups of interneurons with short asymmetric axons targeting layers 2/3 and bending medially. PCA and cluster analysis of electrophysiological variables also revealed the existence of these three groups of neurons, particularly with respect to action potential time course. These different morphological and electrophysiological characteristics could make each of these three interneuron subtypes particularly suited for a different function within the cortical circuit

Spike-timing dependent plasticity in the striatum

The striatum is the major input nucleus of basal ganglia, an ensemble of interconnected sub-cortical nuclei associated with fundamental processes of action-selection and procedural learning and memory. The striatum receives afferents from the cerebral cortex and the thalamus. In turn, it relays the integrated information towards the basal ganglia output nuclei through which it operates a selected activation of behavioral effectors. The striatal output neurons, the GABAergic medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs), are in charge of the detection and integration of behaviorally relevant information. This property confers to the striatum the ability to extract relevant information from the background noise and select cognitive-motor sequences adapted to environmental stimuli. As long-term synaptic efficacy changes are believed to underlie learning and memory, the corticostriatal long-term plasticity provides a fundamental mechanism for the function of the basal ganglia in procedural learning. Here, we reviewed the different forms of spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) occurring at corticostriatal synapses. Most of the studies have focused on MSNs and their ability to develop long-term plasticity. Nevertheless, the striatal interneurons (the fast-spiking GABAergic, the NO synthase and cholinergic interneurons) also receive monosynaptic afferents from the cortex and tightly regulated corticostriatal information processing. Therefore, it is important to take into account the variety of striatal neurons to fully understand the ability of striatum to develop long-term plasticity. Corticostriatal STDP with various spike-timing dependence have been observed depending on the neuronal sub-populations and experimental conditions. This complexity highlights the extraordinary potentiality in term of plasticity of the corticostriatal pathway

Transmission et plasticité activité-dépendante au niveau des synapses cortico-striatales

Le striatum a pour rôle de sélectionner et d'intégrer les informations provenant du cortex et ainsi construire et transmettre une réponse adaptée aux stimuli environnementaux. Nous avons caractérisé les propriétés électrophysiologiques des différents neurones du striatum (neurones de sortie, NETM, et interneurones) dans des conditions normales, et lors d'une déplétion de dopamine striatale. Grâce à un modèle de tranche de cerveau de rat dans laquelle les afférences cortico-striatales sont conservées intactes, nous avons mis en évidence une plasticité synaptique bidirectionnelle dans les NETM ainsi qu'une homéostasie puissante au niveau des synapses cortico-striatales. Nous avons ensuite observé que, outre les NETM, le cortex contacte également les interneurones striataux, avec une séquence d'activation particulière et qu'il existe une spécificité cellulaire de la " spike-timing dependent plasticity " (STDP) dans le striatum. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence que, au niveau des NETM, des signaux sous-liminaires, en coïncidence avec une activité corticale, sont capables d'induire des phénomènes de plasticité synaptique à long-terme.Data unavailabl

Transmission et plasticité activité-dépendante au niveau des synapses cortico-striatales

Le striatum a pour rôle de sélectionner et d intégrer les informations provenant du cortex et ainsi construire et transmettre une réponse adaptée aux stimuli environnementaux. Nous avons caractérisé les propriétés électrophysiologiques des différents neurones du striatum (neurones de sortie, NETM, et interneurones) dans des conditions normales, et lors d une déplétion de dopamine striatale. Grâce à un modèle de tranche de cerveau de rat dans laquelle les afférences cortico-striatales sont conservées intactes, nous avons mis en évidence une plasticité synaptique bidirectionnelle dans les NETM ainsi qu une homéostasie puissante au niveau des synapses cortico-striatales. Nous avons ensuite observé que, outre les NETM, le cortex contacte également les interneurones striataux, avec une séquence d activation particulière et qu il existe une spécificité cellulaire de la spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) dans le striatum. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence que, au niveau des NETM, des signaux sous-liminaires, en coïncidence avec une activité corticale, sont capables d induire des phénomènes de plasticité synaptique à long-terme.PARIS-BIUSJ-Thèses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

Spike-timing dependent plasticity in striatal interneurons

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Dense Inhibitory Connectivity in Neocortex

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